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FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY. 




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"I admit that my mind is biassed by a financial experience 
which has been long and wide. It has profoundly convinced me 
that, as a rule, the State, or Individual, or Company thrives the 
best which dives deepest down into the mass of the community 
and adapts its arrangements to supply the wants of the greatest 
number." — Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P., 77A August, 
1874. 



What are the wants of the greatest number ? 
BEEF ! 



Copyright, 1883, by Judson Jarvis. \< 



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COOK'S 

GBA^^ EXCURSIOJSr 

TO 

COLORADO. NEW MEXICO 
And CALIFORNIA 

Season 1883. 



a FI3K & CO N.Y. 

C'HjynuhlciX by l'ho:i.C<f>k A ^«.l5^ 



GRASS IS KING. 



IIow to invest our savings and resources secnrelvancl profitably, 
is always a question of the greatest importance. Investors often 
look in vain for a safe opportunity to increase theii" incomes or add 
to their wealth. The best way to accomplish an end so desirable is 

by CATTLE KAISING. 

It is susceptible of proof chat no other business yields so sure 
and so large a return as the breeding of cattle. Even in long-settled 
and densely-populated countries, where lands are held at high prices^ 
cattle-raising is exceedingly remunerative ; on the plains of the 
great South-west, where the costs and risks are small, the profits 
are enormous. It is important, however, even there, to obtain a 
good grazing range for cattle. According to Gen. J. S. Brisbin, 
" the three great requisites for a good cattle ranch are wood, 
water and grass," to which may be added an essential fourth — cli- 
mate. 

A search of four years among the States and Territories west of 
the Mississippi, has demonstrated that New Mexico is better adapted 
to cattle-raising than any other locality. Arrangements have ac- 
cordingly been made for the purchase of a tract of land in San 
Miguel County, containing some 52,000 acres, and known as " Baca 
Location Ko. 3." This tract has been supplied with all the neces- 
sary improvements, it is well watered, possesses a great variety of 
nutritious grasses, affording ample pasturage within itself, with 
grazing privileges extending over a million of acres, and enjoys a 
climate unsurpassed by any in the world. 

The Red River, or Canadian Valley district, in which Baca Lo- 
cation ISTo. 2 is situated, lies between the 35th and 36th parallels, 
the most equable portion of the continent as regards climate. It 
is fertile almost beyond description. As already said, it has an 
abundant and never-failing water supply. It is within easy access 
by rail of the great cattle marts of the West and South-west. All 
these advantages help to make it what it has justly been called. 



2 GRASS IS KING. 

THE KANCHERO'S PARADISE. 

The purpose of this pamphlet is to show : 

First — By reports and opinions of many disinterested, distin- 
guished, practical and scientific men, that cattle-raising in New 
Mexico, has been, and is, the most profitable, safe and successful of 
all entei-prises. 

Second — That San Miguel county is the part of the Territory 
best adapted for breeding and improving cattle, by reason of its 
natural, climatic and grazing advantages. 

Thied — That the Rod River, or Canadian Valley district, lying 
in and around Fort Bascom, and comprising "'^ Baca Location No. 
2," is superior to any part of the county for the establishment of a 
cattle ranch on a large scale. 




OPINIONS AND EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS 

ON 

CATTLE-RAISING IN NEW MEXICO. 



Survey of Prof. J. H. Powell — Article " Grazing," page 317. 

"Caltforxia Joe" said of the Valley: '* There's gold from 
the grass-roots down, but there's more gold from the grass-roots 

UP." 

IJjsriTED States Land Office Reports, 1870, page 106. 

''The plateaus, valleys and hillsides of this territory are covered 
with various indigenous grasses, furnishing the best of pasturage 
for cattle, the most valuable and widely distributed of these grasses 
being a variety called ''mesquite," and '-'grama" grass, which 
grows during the rainy season of July and August, revives under the 
influence of autumnal suns, and dries upon stalks, bearing a copious 
iibundance of nutritious seeds, and constituting adequate support 
for every kind of live stock throughout the entire winter, and until 
the more rapidly growing herbage of the spring and early summer, 
has attained sufficient growth to attract the animals by its freshness 
from their winter sustenance, and furnish the change of food neces- 
sary to the most perfect development of animal life. The herds- 
man in this country [page 107] is not obliged to provide food for 
the support of his stock during the winter months ; besides, tlie 
mildness of the Avinters and the slight falls of snow render shelter 
other than that afforded by the valleys and timber, entirely unnec- 
essary for the protection of the herds; the pure air, wide ranges, and 
excellent food I'esulting in an extraordinary healthiness of the ani- 
mals, among whom contagious diseases, prevalent in other sections, 
are entirely unknown. The horses are remarkable for their en- 
durance, and the beef is celebrated for excellence." 

Effort of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1870 — ^i>age 346 : 
" The cattle trade has attained gigantic proportions 



4 GRASS IS KING. 

A business grown np from small beginnings, now amounts to a 
magnificent iiulustry which reaches our most distant markets. . . . 
In all densely-poi)uhited communities the question of continued sup- 
ply of animal food assumes an important phase. . . . and the 
irruption of cheap beef from the South-west is very timely and ac- 
ceptable. . . . Farmers, upon land costing 120 to $i200 per 
acre, in climates requiring four or five months' winter feeding, 
cannot compete with stock-raisers operating luider a sky that 
demands no shelter, and u])on a soil yielding perennial supplies of 
green food." 

Official Eeport U. S. Geological Survey, by Prof. F. V. 
Hayden, U. S. Geologist, 1870, page 194 : * 

'•'It is only after a careful examination and a vast number of 
experiments made in ]^ew Mexico, that I am forced to acknowl- 
edge, what I before did not believe, that the soil in these regions 
is ricii in the primary elements of fertility. 

" The productions of Ts'ew Mexico, from the variety of its cli- 
mate, ai-e varied, but the staple will evidently be cattle, for which 
it is particularly adapted. The ease and small cost with which 
stock can be kept, the rapidity with which they increase, and ex- 
emption from epidemic diseases, added to the fact that they require 
no winter feeding, makes the raising of stock a prominent business 
of the country." 

The Canadian Eiver rises in the Raton Mountains, runs south- 
east for aoout 150 miles to Fort Bascom, wliere it turns east, and 
passes out of the territory a little north of the 35th parallel ; its 
whole length witliin the limits of the territory being about 200 
miles. It has numberless tributaries. 

This Canadian Eiver section is the pasture-ground for sheep 
and cattle, where thousands may be placed and tended with but 
little trouble. 

Page 248. — '-The lands of the States are becoming too valu- 
able to afford the room required for grazing cattle It is there- 
fore a fact conceded, that the great bulk of our beef cattle must be 
raised upon tiie grazing fields of the States and Territories west 
of the Mississippi. . . . Smaller lots of cattle will generally cost 
relatively more. . . . Cattle and stock are healthy, and require 
no feeding the year round ; the rich bunch and grama grasses of 
the plains and mountains, keeping them fat enough for beef during 
the entire winter. . . . The season of 1870 has been a memorable 
one in the stock business on the plains. It commenced in doubt, 



GRASS IS KING. 5 

but closed in iinlimitod conlideuco in the complete practicability 
and profits of stock growing and winter grazing." 

"ioo. — "As the plow of the emigrant turns the grass under, that 
corn and wlieat may grow in its stead, the range of the stock- 
grower is that much contracted, and the area of grazing lessened. 

By reason of the high value of lands for grain-growing pur[)Oses, 
the people of the country cast of tlie Mississippi Kiver are already 
coming to us for beef. 

Chicago and New York peor)le are enjoying the juicy steaks 
from cattle fattened on our nutritious grasses that grow in our 
valleys and on our mountain sides, close up to the perpetual snows 
of the Eocky Mountains. 

And as immigration takes up more and more of the pastures 
east of us for grain, drovers will be obliged more and more to come 
to us for beef." 

Repoet of the Surveyor General of New IMexico for 
1871. Land Office Reports, page 14G : 

"The subject of private land grants is daily assuming more and 
more importance." 

"The increase in the value of lands consequent upon the nearer 
approach of numerous railroads, the sale of one grant to a foreign 
company at large figures, and the subsequent sale of a number of 
others at prices far beyond all previous experience, the sale by gov- 
ernment of numerous tracts, and the issuance of patents for the 
same upon lands now claimed under old grants, but never registered, 
lias all tended to arouse attention." 

Prof. F. N. Hatden's Surveys, 1871, page 269 : 
" Cows begin to bear very young when running with the herd, 
it being no uncommon thing for them to have calves at fifteen and 
sixteen months ; in fact, a few instances have occurred, where they 
have borne young before ceasing to follow the mother." 

Lawrexce ox Cattle [Lo?ido)i Edition, 1805]. 
"• Cows, as has already been observed, are fit for procreation 
in, or indeed before, their second 3'ear." 

Report of Hox. J. K. Peoudfit, Surveyor General of New 
Mexico— X««(Z Office Reports, 1872, page 123 : 

"The old grants are being occupied to their capacity in con- 
sequence of the large emigration, attracted by the advent of rail- 
roads, and have enhanced in value to such an extent as often to 



6 GRASS IS KING. 

prevent the settler from acquiring aliomestead within them by pur- 
chase. Settlers and settlements spread out over the Terj-itory, and 
peace and security mark tiie march of empire across the continent." 

Keport of Hon. J. R. Dodge, Statistician, Agricultural Ee- 
jjorts, 1872, page 30 : 

"In 1872, while Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska experienced 
a very severe winter, the report from New Mexico is that it was 
exceptionally favorable to stock raisers." 

Peof. F. V. Hatden", Geologist of the United States, in his re- 
port to the Secretary of the Interior, for 1872, page 209 : 

" The summer days in the lower valleys are sometimes quite 
warm, but it is a diy atmosphere which readily absorbs the'perspira- 
tion. 

'' The nights are cool and refreshing. The winters are moderate. 

" The amount of snow that falls is light, and seldom remains on 
the ground longer than a few hours. Where there are heavy snows 
in the mountains during the winter, there will be good crops during 
the following summer ; the suppy of water being more abundant. 
. . . There is perhaps no healthier section of the country to be 
found in the United States than that embraced in the boundaries of 
New Mexico — in fact, I think I am justified in saying that this area 
includes the healthiest and richest portion of the Union. 

'* Perhaps it is not improper for me to say I have no joersonal in- 
terests to serve in making this statement, not having one dollar in 
the Territory in any way whatever. I make it simply because I 
believe it to be true. There is no better place of resort for those 
suffering from any jiulmonary complaints than here." 



Keport of Surveyor General of New Mexico — Lajid Office 
Reports, 1873, page 99 : 

''It is becoming known tliat the country enjoys a magnificent 
climate, that all its valleys are well adapted to a vast variety of 
crops, and that its mesas or table lands are the finest stock regions 
in the world. Stock feeds the year round upon the grama and 
other nutritious grasses; and the winters are so mild and equable, 
and comparatively stormless, that stock needs little or no care ex- 
cept herding, to prevent straying or other loss." 

Same, 1877, page 2d5 : 

" The question of securing a permanent stock range is becoming 
an important one to the settlers engaged in stock-raising. 

" Upon the table lands and plains of New Mexico there is not 



GRASS IS KING. 7 

water sufficient for irrigation except in isolated places and adjacent 
to some of the numerous springs, but all of these lands afford fine 
grazing for cattle as the grasses are nutritious during the entire year, 
and there is no necessity for winter feeding Avhile there is a suffi- 
ciency of water for stock even in the dryest season. Stock-raisers, 
looking ahead to the speedy occupation of all the agricultural lands, 
should avail themselves of the opportunity to purchase tracts for 
permanent grazing ranges." 

266. — " The grazing range is unexcelled, and hence stock-rais- 
ing is principally and most successfully engaged in. 

*' The climate of New Mexico is unsurpassed for its salubrity. 
The winters are mild, and the summers not excessively warm." 

Report of Com. of Agricclture, 1877, page 345 : 

*"' English authority makes the statement that most of the live 
stock from America is superior in quality and condition to that 
imported from Holland, and other parts of the continent, and that 
there is a juiciness and flavor about the beef and an equal distribu- 
tion of fat and lean that are not wholly obtainable except through 
the American system of full grazing." . . . 

" In this country " Grass is King," and American cattle are 
forced only when being prepared for market. It hardly seems prob- 
able that any other country can successfully compete with the 
United States in a degree sufficient to interfere with the now-estab- 
lished meat trade." 

Same, 1879 — p. 460. — '•' The business of stock-raising is the most 
successfully and profitably engaged in, as no feeding is required 
during the winter season ; the stock subsisting entirely upon the 
rich and nutritious grasses so abundant. It is estimated that there 
are 500,000 head of cattle in New Mexico." 

*'The Canadian River never fails to furnish sufficient water for 
stock; yet lands fronting on many of its branches are quite as valu- 
able, inasmuch as tliey furnish the purest of never-failing springs- 
while the bluffs, ravines and clumps of timber furnish all the pro- 
tection which stock needs." 

Same, 1881-82, page 614 : 

'* The course of the price of beeves for six years past is suggest- 
ive. The Chicago market can furnish a history of prices. 

" It is probable that the low rates of a few years ago will not 
soon prevail, if ever. The general tendency throughout the world 
is toward a high rate for meat." 

" Exports of fresh beef in 1880, killed and dressed. Pounds, 84,717,194 
value, $7,441,918." 



GRASS IS KING. 
EXPOHT OF CATTLE ON HOOF FROM 1871 TO 1881 INCLUSIVE. 



TEARS, 


NUMBER. 


TALUE. 


1871 


20,530 


$408,491 


1872 


28,033 


565,719 


1873 


35,455 


695,957 


1874 


56,067 


1,150,857 


1875 


57,211 


1,103,085 


187(5 


51,593 


1,110,703 


1877 


50,001 


1,593,080 


1878 


80,040 


3,896,818 


1879 


136.720 


8,379.200 


1880 


182,756 


13.344,195 


1881 


185,707 


14,304,103 



For a period of ten years ending 1881 (page 653) the exports of animals 
and animal matter was : 



1871 $47,010,312 

1872 77,060,849 

1873 99,806,599 

1874 99,697,660 



1875 $104,314,988 

1876 113,941,509 

1877 140,564,066 

1878 145,587,515 



1879... $146,640,233 
1880.... 161,133,376 
1881.... 186,258, 691 



"Food from the Far West." 

" With special reference to the beef production and impo7iatio)t of 
dead meat from America to Great Britain.'' 

By James MacDonald, 1878, page 10 : 

" For several years past the mainstay of the Scottish farmer 
and a strong support to his brethren in England and Ireland, has 
been the profit gained from beef and mutton." 

Page 11. — " Since the days when Sir Robert Peel removed the 
protective duties from foreign meat imported into this country 
(Great Britain) there has not been a time of greater interest, alike 
to farmers and consumers, than the present." 

"The home trade finds in the American grazier a formidable 
competitor in the dead-meats market." 

" The West," by Robt. P. Porter, Special Agent for the 10th 
Census, page 450 : 

" In New Mexico the plains and plateaus are covered with grama 
grass, that most nutritious food for cattle. The grazing interest is 
a large and important industry. In 1880 there were in the terri- 
tory no less than 400,000 head of cattle. The climate is so mikl 
that cattle do not require shelter or feed during the winter." 



GRASS IS KING. 9 

''OuK Western Empire, or the Nrw World Beyond the 
Mississippi," by Prof, L. P. Brockett, A.M., M.D., page 53 : 

" The Buffalo and grama grass, more nutritious than our culti- 
vated grasses, are adajoted to the summer drought, and furnish all 
the year round a most delicious pasturage for cattle." 

Johnson's Encyclopedia, Brockett : " The Territory of 
New Mexico will undoubtedly be one of the best grazing States of 
the West." 

The Spirit of the Times, November 10, 1877, in an ariicle on 
" Cattle- Growing'' : 

" These pastoral lands of ours have never been understood or 
appreciated. The day will come when the government will de- 
rive more benefit from the grazing-lands than the best agricultural 
regions. The rapid increase of our population will soon require 
that more cattle be raised, or we shall have to pay higher prices 
for beef. The number of people are increasing much faster than 
the number of cattle." 

Same paper, December 29, 1877, said : 

"The beef business cannot be overdone. The census of the 
United States will probably show a population in 1880 of not less 
than 50,000,000 of people, and the cattle-raising does not keep 
pace with the rapid increase of population. In the Eastern and 
Middle States, for the last ten years, there has been a rapid de- 
crease of cattle, and in a few years the West will be called on to 
supply almost the whole Eastern demand." 

The New York Evening Telegram, January 4, 1878 : 

"If it were prudent to hazard a prediction with reference to 
the future of any of our great sources of material wealth, it may 
confidently be stated that stock-raising has a prospect before it which 
presents opportunities for enterprise and capital not surpassed in 
any other branch of productive industry." 

From Kansas City Live Stock Indicator : " Cattle do well 
in New Mexico, as they find good range and water, and do 
not require the care that sheep do. Of late years cattle men 
in New Mexico have made more clear money than sheep men. All 
suitable ranges for either cattle or sheep in New Mexico have been 
taken up, and they can only be had by buying out some one already 
in the business. The expense of procuring a range would depend 
altogether upon the size of the range wanted, the number of stock 
that would be ])laced on the range, and number of water rights 
and land owned and controlled by the party in possession. Cattle, 
1* 



10 GRASSjIS KING. 

as they run on the range in New Mexico, are rated at $35 to $30 
per head, owing to grade of cattle. 

Extract from Red River Chronicle : 

" James Campbell, of Liberty, New Mexico, the successful cattle- 
raiser who refused $100,000 spot cash for his stock on a thousand 
hills the other day, says the Albuquerque Revieiu, came to the ter- 
ritory twelve years ago with only $800 in his weasel skin." 

There is nothing in this world, at the present time, which pays so 
well as raising cattle. 

The Hoist. S. B. Elkiists, in Ms speech of May 21, 1874, hefove 
the House of Representatives, says : 

" The resources of New Mexico are principally agricultural, 
pastoral and mineral. The whole Territory abounds in fertile val- 
leys, whose soil is as rich as can be found in any portion of the 
United States. As a cattle-raising country it has no superior." 

Hon. Isham G. Harris, U. 8. Senator from Tennessee, who is 
the owner of a large ranch, says : 

" Cattle-raising is a safe and very lucrative business ; the per- 
centage of profit figures up largely. Within the next few years 
however, in my opinion, cattle men, even the most remote, will 
have to own their ranges to prevent encroachments by the settler 
and agriculturist." 

Ex-Gov. McCooK, of Denver, writes of stock-raising in Colo- 
rado : 

" The natural grasses of our hills and valleys are very nutri- 
tious, and in such abundance that the herds of a dozen States could 
have fine pasturage; shelter or hay is unnecessary. The natural 
increase of cattle is at least 80 per cent, per annum." 

Gen. R. a. Cameron, of Colorado, puts '■^ tlie profits of cattle- 
raising at 50 to 55 per cent, per annum on the capital invested, 
over and above all expenses, and losses of every kind." 

Mr. J. L. Brush, of Weld County, says : 

" I think the average profit on capital invested in cattle, put- 
ting it low, will not fall short of 40 per cent, per annum, over and 
above all expenses. It is a well-known fact that stock men in Col- 
orado have paid from 18 to 24 per cent, interest per annum for 
money to invest in the cattle business, and have then made large 
profits." 

Raymond Jenkins, Esq., of New Mexico, who represents large 
cattle interests in the Territory, says : 



GRASS IS KING. H 

'* The rapidity with which grants of land and government 
ranges have been purchased and acquired within the past few years, 
and the rapid organization of numbers of stock companies with 
large capital, attest the great value that is being placed in the cat- 
tle trade. The stock and ranch market has been in an excited 
state during the past year, and it has greatly increased in value 
witlnn that time. Many ranches have been withdrawn alto- 
gether from the market, while the prices offered and refused to- 
day would have been considered by stock men as enormous two years 
ago. Tlie financial world is fast waking up to the fact that with 
the rapidly-increasing demand for meat sup})Iy, the areas of stock 
supply is constantly being reduced, wliich must inevitably result in 
enhanced values, and that no investment to-day is surer and more 
profitable than in ranch and cattle property. Capital seeking in- 
vestment naturally looks to tlie territory tiiat offers it the greatest 
inducements, which is found in New Mexico, on account of its 
great natural advantages and accessibility to railroads for shipping, 
Even as conservative operators as the Scotch people are, the £5 
shares of the Dundee (Scotland) Company, after two years' trading, 
are now quoted in the Scotch market at £15 each." 

Hon. L. Bradford Prince, Ex-Chief Justice of New Mexico, 
says : 

'* As a cattle and sheep country New Mexico is too well known 
forme to speak of these branches of business. They pay very 
WELL, as every one is aware." 

Hon. John F. Coad, of Cheyenne, Wyoming, one of the rep- 
resentative and largest, cattle men of Nebraska, says: 

"The cattle business is a very profitable one, the loss is quite 
small and hardly worth mentioning. The more capital invested the 
quicker and greater the return, while the expenses are more than 
proportionately reduced. I know of no business so safe and profit- 
able for a man to engage in. A herd of 10,000 head will cost but a 
trifle more to run than a herd of 5,000 head. I make this statement 
as the result of many years' experience." 

The Wyoming Stock Growers' Association are now (April 3d, 
1883) in session at Cheyenne. The annual report shows, among 
other data, that 220,000 head of cattle were inspected in 1882, and 
that over $30,000,000 of English and Scotch capittil has been in- 
vested in the business during the year from Wyoming to Texas. 
Herds of breeding cattle are selling about twenty-five per cent higher. 



12 GRASS IS KING. 

Associated Pkess Eeport to New Yoek Daily Papers, 
extensive sale of cattle. 

St. Louis, March 26, 1883. — Perhfips the largest transaction in 
cattle ever made in this country was effected at Fort Worth, Texas, 
last Saturday, the sale being of 75,000 head of full-grown cattle by 
the Ikards and Harold Brothers to the Franklin Land n,nd Cattle 
Company of New York, composed of Charles G. Francklyn, Frank 
C Brown, and others. The price paid is kept private, but the fig- 
ures are understood to be about 125 per head, which would aggre- 
gate about $2,000,000. 

This ranch is in the Texas Panhandle, and about 150 miles due 
east from Fort Bascom. 

[Cor. Kansas City Live Stock Indicator.] 

San Antonio, Texas, Feb. 15, 1883. — There is no news of 
special interest here in regard to cattle, only that yearlings are sell- 
ing at |12.00@|13.00, and two-year-olds at 116. 6o@$16.50. The 
drive Avill not be as large as last year, and most all will go to North- 
ern and Western ranches. 

Eeport of Hon. G. W. Prichard, Commissioner San Miguel 

County, 1882. 

San Miguel is the empire county of New Mexico, and embraces 
within its boundaries rugged and wooded mountains, extensive 
plains and fertile valleys. The thirty-fifth parallel of latitude runs 
centrally through it. It is well watered by the Canadian, Pecos, 
Gallinas, Sapello, and 'J'ecoloto rivers and their tributaries. The 
western portion of the county is mountainous, rising fro'm the 
plains to the highest range in the Territory, capped with eternal 
snows. The culmination of the mountains at such a great altitude, 
from twelve to fourteen thousand feet, causes a great accumulation 
of snow, Avhich constantly feeds the mountain streams with pure 
water, which passes ofE into and through the valleys below. The 
precipitation of moisture on the eastern slope of the mountains by 
rain and snow is greater than in any other portion of the Territory. 
This fact is greatly advantageous to all kinds of vegetation. The 
timber is particularly extensive, and of large growth. Forests of 
yellow pine extend from the summits of the mountains down to 
the foot-hills. 

This county, on account of its superior supply of water, excel- 
lent grasses and magnificent climate, is considered beyond all 



GRASS IS KING. 13 

question the best for cattle-niising. New Mexico is extensively and 
favorably known respecting this interest. The county of San 
Miguel equals, if not excels, any otlier section in the Territory in 
this business. The eastern portion of this county, extending to 
the Texas Panhandle, is preeminently a stock-raising country. Tiie 
pasturage is the native grama grass, Avhich stands dry weather as no 
other grass does, and, although of short growth, is extremely iiutri- 
tious, and, remarkable as it is, this grass possesses this quality the 
year through. The cattle come off the pastures in the spring, 
equally as fat as in the fall. This fact is m nuxrked contrast with 
other grazing localities, 'i'exas even does not possess such grazing 
advantages. Tliere the grass dies after frost, and has little nutri- 
ment left, and the cattle become extremely thin in the spring sea- 
son. "Northers "in this country are but little felt, perhaps for 
the reason the force of the winds is broken by the spurs of the Rocky 
Mountains extending along the nortli-eastern border of the Terri- 
tory. That which adds to the success of stock-raising in this 
country is the fact that the grazing localities are well watered. 
Canadian or Red River, and its tributaries supplies Avater for ex- 
tensive stock ranges, and large herds are constantly passing into 
these ranges from Texas and Colorado. This county is being settled 
up rapidly, and already great wealth has been accumulated here, 
though it may be said that the foundation is scarcely laid for that 
which will follow in a few years. The climate is mild, and the alti- 
tude is such, being 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, that a 
more desirable spot could not be found for the farmer and the 
stock-raiser." 

Messrs. Pell & Read, M.P. Commissioners, sent in the spring 
of 1880 to report to the British Government on the agriultural re- 
sources of the Great West of America, made a voluminous report to 
Parliament, from which we quote the following : 

" It is generally acknowledged that the average profits of the 
stock-owner has been for years fully 33;^ per cent, (this refers to 
small ranches). No doubt this is by far the most I'emunerative 
branch of American farming. 

" It is almost as cheap and easy to manage 5,000 cattle as it is 
to attend to 1,000. 

" The losses from all causes do not average over 2^ per cent. 

" The cost of raising a bullock, including losses and all expenses, 
could not be more than £1. 

'' The practical handling of a herd will demonstrate that in three 
years a herd will at least double in numbers and value." 



14 GRASS IS KING. 

T. P. KoBB, Esq., Fkontier Commissioner to the United 
States Congress, states with regard to cattle-raising on the 
frontier of 1'exas and New Mexico : 

"In 1873 I reported to the Congress of the United States that, 
from the affidavits of more than one thonsand cattle-raisers, the in- 
crease and profits were equal to 33^ per cent. Since that time 
ranchers have inclosed their estates, and otlierwise afforded protec- 
tion to their stoclc, and the State statistical report for 1879 shows 
the increase and profit to he fifty per cent. 

"An idea of the enormous profits accruing from cattle-raising 
will be gained when it is stated that a herd doubles itself by the 
natural increase within three years. In this section, where the 
grazing is good the year round, the outlay is merely for hire and 
maintenance of the herders so employed. The loss in the herds by 
death and casualties is not over two per cent.; the annual increase 
it is safe to say, is ninety per cent, (allowing ten per cent, for loss 
and barren cows). The heifer calves begin bearing before three 
years, and consequently there is increase upon increase, notwith- 
standing the nsual sales (the heifer calves [cows] never being sold 
until they become incapable of breeding). 

Suggestions of Gen. James S. Brisbin, U.S.A. 

"I have often thought if some enterprising persons would form 
a joint stock company for the purpose of breeding, buying, and 
selling horses, cattle, and sheep, it would prove enormously })rofit- 
able. I have no doubt that a company properly managed would 
declare an annual dividend of at least 25 per cent. Such a com- 
pany, organized with a President, Secretary, Treasurer, and ]5oard 
of Directors, and conducted on strictly business })rinciples, would 
realize a far largei" profit on the money invested than if put into 
any other kind of business. Nothing, I believe, would beat asso- 
ciated capital in the cattle trade. The ranches and ranges should 
be located with a view of ultimately buying the land or securing 
control of it for a long terms of years. 

"It may be asked, ' Is it desirable to invest so much money in 
land ?' I reply, that it is absolutely necessary to own a large part 
of your range, especially the loater front, so as to keep out sheep 
men, settlers, and other cattle-owners. Sheep and cattle cannot 
be grazed together, and the interests should be entirely separate. 
Government lands, where watering places exist, are fast becoming 
occupied by settlers and colonies, and very soon the opportunities 
for locating large ranches will entirely disapjjcar. In a few years. 



GRASS IS KING. 15 

at the most, it will not be possible to obtain a range where the cattle 
business can be conducted on a large scale. The longer, therefore, 
these large ranges are kept intact, the more valuable will they be- 
come for any purpose. It should be carefully remembered that 
large ranches can be managed with much greater jn'ofit than 
smaller ones. 

" If $200,000 were invested in Texas cattle, it would double 
itself in four years, and pay a semi-annual dividend of 8 per cent. 
It should be remembered that the larger the original capital put 
into the business, the greater would be the ratio of net profits." 



There are many skeptical and unbelieving persons who are in- 
clined to look with suspicion upon any enterprise ; the more favor- 
able it appears, the more doubtful do they become. Many years 
ago a wager was made in London, between two club men that sov- 
ereigns could not be sold on London bridge for half their valne. 
The gentleman making the wager provided himself with a quantity 
of gold pieces, but succeeded only in collecting a gaping crowd, 
who unmercifully quizzed him, and viewed him with suspicion 
and mistrust. 

When people are told of the enormous increase in cattle — of 
cows yielding 80 per cent, and 90 per cent, increase — they imme- 
diately begin to doubt, claiming that it is improbable and impossi- 
ble. A gentlemen or a farmer having two or three cows, will be very 
much surprised and disappointed, however, if each cow does not 
have a calf in the spring ; this is a 100 per cent, increase. Why, 
then, if this increase is usual with so small a number, should it 
excite wonder or comment with a large herd, plentifully supplied 
with bulls, with all the advantages of location, water, climate, 
and grasses to assist nature ? 

KoRTH of New Mexico, on account of the long and severe win- 
ters, the deep snows, penetrating sleet, sudden storms, and changes 
of weather, cattle show a smaller per cent, of increase, and a larger 
per cent, of mortality and casualties. 

South of New Mexico, on account of the want of water, and 
even when it is obtained, its bad quality, the terrific "northers'' 
and cyclones, and the burning up of the grasses by sun and fires, 
cause a considerable loss in stock. 

The following carefully-prepared tables show the amount of in- 
crease for a period of ten years, and what may be accomplished by 
reasonable care and management. These tables show the increase 



16 REASS IS KING. 

at 90 per cent. There may be some who will cavil at this — some 
" doubting Thomases " — who may be disposed to think this per- 
centage too high. By actual experience and personal investigation 
of cattle ranches in the Canadian valley, one can be convinced, 
and fortified in the assertion that 90 per cent., is but a fair basis 
upon which to calculate the increase of cattle, in this section of 
the country ; Avhile the losses on the entire herd from casualties, etc., 
can safely be put down at 2 per cent. It will not come up to 
that, if the experience of cattle men there is to be taken as a 
guide. 

The rule by which these tables are made is a simple one (figure 
it out yourself) : Take a certain number of cows, say three., years old, 
niulti})ly by 90 per cent, (or whatever per cent, you choose) to show 
the increase ; one-half will be heifer, one-half steer calves ; deduct 
at the end of each year 3 per cent, for losses, casualties, etc.; take 
the balance for stock on hand for the following year. The heifer 
calves will frequently commence bearing, and have a calf at the 
end of the second year. Steers are ready for market at the end of 
the third year. Calculate 40 head good grade bulls to the 1,000 
head of cows. Facts and figures are unanswerable, and should be 
convincing. The following tables are presented for consideration: 



Judge David W. Sherwood, op Connecticut, one of the prin- 
cipal stockholders in the Huerfano Cattle Company, Huerfano and 
Pueblo Counties, of Southern Colorado, says : 

''I have carefully prepared the following schedule showing the 
increase in a herd of 4,000 cows for seven years. I have allowed a 
large margin, 20 per cent., for loss in various ways. I have found, 
by experience, that the calves average about half heifers and half 
steers. One of the greatest sources of j)rofit will be in buying two- 
year-old steers, keeping them a year or a little longer at almost no 
additional expense, and selling them at an advance of -110 or more 
per head. This branch of the business is a great deal more profit- 
able than raising cattle, even though that yields such enormous 
results. This schedule is made with reference entirely to grass-fed 
cattle " : 



GRASS IS KING. 



17 



YEAR. 


cows. 

4,000 
4,000 
5,600 
7,200 
9,440 
12,320 
16,0!J6 


.CALVES. 


HEIFER 
CALVES. 


VALUE 

TEAIi- 

LINGS 

AT $10. 


2 YEARS' 
INCREASED 
VALUE AT 

$5. . 


3 years' 
increased 

VALUE AT 

$3. 


VALUE 

AT $18 

PER 

HEAD 


1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4tb. 

5th. 


3,200 
3,200 
4.480 
5,760 
7,552 
9,856 
13,877 


1,600 
1,600 

2,240 
2,880 
3,776 
4,928 
6,438 a 


16.000 

16,000 
22,400 
28,800 
37,700 
49,280. . 
t $6 per he 


8,000 

8,000 
11,200 
14,400 

18,880. . . 


4,800 
4,800 
6,720 
8,640... 


$28,800 
28,800 
40,320 
51,840 
56,640 
49,280 
38,628 


6tli. 
7th. 


ad 





4,000 original cows at $18 per head 72,000 



Total $306,308 



YEAR. 



1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6tU. 

7th. 



NO. OF 

STEER 

CALVES. 



1,600 

1,600 
2.240 

2,880 
3,776 
4,928 
6,438 



23,462 



VALUE OF 

YEAHLINGS 

AT $10 PER 

HEAD. 



2 YEARS' IN- 
CREASED 
VALUE AT 
$6 PER HEAD. 



$16,000 $9,600 $16,000 $41,600 

16,000 9,600 16,000 41,600 

32,400 i;!,440 22,400 58,240 

28,800 17,280 28,800 74.SS0 

37,760 22,656 60,416 

49,280 49,280 

at $6 per head 38,628 



3 YEARS' OLD, 
VALUE IN- 
CREASED AT 
$10 PER 
HEAD. 



VALUE 
AT $26 

PER 
HEAD. 



Total $364,644 



TOTAL PRODUCT IN SEVEN YEARS, OF 4,000 COWS. 



.$730,953 



DISBURSEMENTS. 

Original cost of 4,000 cows $'13 000 

Take oH 10 per cent, for any possible loss 73,095 

Cobt of herding and ranch expenses for seven years, 

more than ample 40,000 

Bull accouut, horses, etc., ample, say 45,000 



Total net profit in seven years. 



$230,095 
$500,857 



The following tabulated statement, showing the increase from 
100 cows and 100 calves, has stood the test of time, and we believe 
will be rather under than over the mark, always assuming that the 
business is managed industriously and with good judgment : 



18 



GRASS IS KING. 



A TABLE SHOWING THE INCREASE FROM 100 COWS AND 100 CALVES, FOR A 
PERIOD OF TWELVE YEARS AT 80^ INCREASE, TAKING OFF 20/o FOR DRY 
COWS, CASUALTIES, LOSS, ETC. OP THE INCREASE ONE-HALF WILL BE HEIF- 
ERS, AND ONE-HAIiF STEER CALVES. 

















RECEIPTS. 










TWO 


THREE 


FOtJR 


SALE OF FOUR 


YEARS. 


cows. 


CALVES. 


YEARLY. 


YEARS 


YEARS 


YEARS 


YEAR BEEF 










OLD. 


OLD. 


OLD. 


STEERS AT 
















,|25 EACH. 





100 


100 












1 


150 


120 


50 










2 


210 


168 


60 


50 








3 


294 


235 


84 


60 


50 






4 


411 


329 


117 


84 


60 


50 


$1,250 


5 


576 


461 


164 


117 


84 


60 


1,500 


6 


806 


645 


230 


164 


117 


84 


2,100 


7 


1,128 


902 


322 


230 


164 


117 


2,925 


8 


1,579 


1,263 


451 


322 


230 


164 


4,100 


9 


2,210 


1,768 


631 


451 


322 


230 


5,750 


10 


3,094 


2,475 


884 


631 


451 


322 


8.050 


11 


4,381 


3,464 


1,237 


884 


631 


451 


11,275 


13 


6,063 


4,850 


1,732 


1,237 


884 


631 


15,775 




$52,725 



Now, supposing that you should wish to settle up the business 
and realize, mark the results, notwithstanding the uncommon de- 
ductions I have made. 

Selling, average all cattle at $25, the price at which large sales 
have been made within the past few days : 
6,063 Cows at $25 $151,575 



4,850 Calves at 10 . 
1,732 Yearlings 
1,237 2 yr. old Steers 
884 3 " " " j 

2,109 4" " " sold J 



48,500 



at $25. 



Disburgements for Rancli outfit. Expenses, Herding, Horses, Bulls, 
etc., Original Cost of Cattle and 8 jier cent. int. on investment.. 



149,050 

$349,125 

$50,615 

Total Net Profit, end of 12 yrs. $298,510 

The following carefully-prepared statistics show the result of an 

investment several years ago of $100,000, and gives some reliable 

data in this connection. It should be remembered, however, that 

the prices for cattle are now all much higher. 

Seven-eighths of the heifer calves will commence to bear when 

two years old, and a herd of 5,000 or 7,000 cattle to begin with 

would have cost no more to run. 



GKASS IS KING. 



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rnment under 6 th 
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ed under coutracfc 
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GRASS IS KING. 21 



BACA LOCATION No. 2. 

Report of the Ex-Unitcd States Surveyor-General of Xew Mex- 
ico, Hox. James K. Proudfit : 

Denver, Col., Jem. 27th. 

Sir : — In reply to the request contained in your favor of the 
18th inst., that I furnish you at convenience a detailed description 
of the "Baca Location No. 2," together Avith my opinion of its nat- 
ural resources and prospective value, I have to say : 

That on my last visit to Fort Bascom on official business I took 
occasion to inspect quite carefully a large portion of the estate, and 
from- my own personal observation will endeavor to comply with 
your desires. 

The estate is situated on the Canadian (or Red) River, in the 
northeast quarter of the territory. The bottom lands of the Cana^ 
dian (or Red) River are from three to four miles Avide, and the 
stream on its meandering course traverses the estate, so that nearly, 
or quite, one-half of the estate is capable of irrigation and cultiva- 
tion. The soil of the river bottom is the richest of alluvium mixed 
with loam, and is unsurpassed for fertility. 

Throughout the estate outside the river bottoms, the face of the 
country is diversified by open plains and elevated table-lands, dotted 
with groves and belts of trees, forming a most agreeable landscape. 

Nutritious grasses abound in a natural state throughout the en- 
tire estate, especially the deservedly celebrated grama grass, upon 
which live stock thrive all the year through. 

The grass becomes cured in position after the rainy season, be- 
coming excellent hay, and so remains until the growth of the fol- 
lowing year takes its place ; and in the river bottoms the Sacatom 
grass grows six feet high, and as thick as it can stand. This and 
other vegetable growths sufficiently attest the richness of the soil in 
these bottoms. Other natural productions, apart from trees, con- 
sist of wild flax, onions, oats, etc., and wild grapes of fine size. 

The prevailing rock on the estate is white and red sandstone, in 
alternate and nearly horizontal layers. A large bed of firm white 
gypsum has also been found and opened on the estate. It is used 
for Avhitewash, cement, etc , and is valuable for many purposes. 
Limestone is found, and good sand and clay for brick. At the time 
of my visit a fine stock-yard was completed on the estate, and 
another ■commenced. They Avere of good hard brick, laid in mor- 
tar, all produced near at hand, and Avere the best structures for the 
uses intended that I have seen in the Western Territories. 



L.I04! 



36" N 




35° S 



22 GRASS IS KING. 

The bottoms of the rivers are well covered with large cottouwood 
trees, from two to three feet in diameter, and great quantities of 
smaller ones. 

Pinon, bearing an oily, nutritions nut, resembling in flavor the 
beachnut ; a fine variety of cedar, bearing very large berries, and a 
variety of oak, bearing sweet acorns, as well as other natural fruits 
and berries, furnish fine food for game. Larger sorts of oaks, 
hackberry and other sorts of timber, not now remembered, also 
abound in different parts of the estate. There is no deficiency of 
fuel and building material. Good stone for this latter purpose, as 
well as for general use, is plentiful in nearly all parts of the estate. 

The Canadian (or Red) Eiver, which enters the estate at its 
north-west corner, and leaves it at the south-east cornet*, making a 
great bend, is a brisk, rapid and permanent stream, from thirty to 
forty yards wide, of good average depth, and carrying a large body 
of water. It has many tributaries flowing through different parts 
of the estate, and these, togetlier with a great number of enduring- 
springs, render this a splendidly watered property. The main river 
having a heavy fall through the estate, with many fine situations 
for dams, a great quantity of water-power can be easily and cheaply 
utilized. 

The river and its tributaries contain plenty of fish, such as pike, 
and other sorts characteristic of the region. Game abounds, such 
as black-tailed and white-tailed deer, antelope, wild turkeys, rab- 
bits, quail, etc. 

The climate at this point is delightful, mild and equable at all 
seasons, and stock never need shelter. The region is exceedingly 
healthy, especially for persons afflicted or threatened with pulmo- 
nary complaints. 

All sorts of grains, vegetables, fruits, or useful plants, such as 
grow in Southern temperate regions, can be successfully cultivated 
here ; and with its practically boundless facilities for rearing live 
stock, it is safe to say it is unsurpassed in natuj-al advantages by 
any portion of the country. 

I am, very respectfully. 

Your obedient servant, 

(Signed), James K. Proudfit. 



GRASS IS KING. 



23 




24 GRASS IS KING. 

Expenditures. 

5,000 Cows, i, 3, and 4 years old, at $25, say $125,000 

2,250 Hcifc-r calves at 10, " 22,500 

2,250 Steer " at 10, " 22,500 

4,000 Steers, yearlings, at 16, " 64,000 

3,000 " ayearsold, at 19, " 5T.00O 

200 Bulls, coming 2 j'ears old, at 60, " 12,000 

$303,000 
Ranch outfit, horses etc., bulls, etc 12,000 

$315,000 
Balance and working expenses for 2 years, to invest in yearlings 25,000 

Investment in cattle $340,000 

in land , 260.0(10 



Capital $600,000 

Inventory at end of 1893. 

Calves, J heifer and steers 35..394 at $10 $353,940 

Yearlings.*" " " 26,808 at 20 536,160 

2yearsold,J" " " 20,306 at .30 609,180 

3 " "heifers 7 692 at 35 269,220 

4 " " " ll,870at 35 ,.... 415,450 

5 " " " 6,286at 35 220,010 

6 " " " 3,.354at 35 117,390 

7 " " " 2,509at 35 87,815 

114,219 $2,609,165 

Profit in sale of cows and replacement of heifers 38,340 

Receipts, sale of 3-year-old steers, 1884 to 1892 1,171.038 

Sale of 1,.573 young graded bulls at $.50, say 78,650 

Ranch outfit, horses, wagons, etc., etc 60,000 

Sale of land, say at end of 10 years, for 300,000 

^4 257 193 
Deduct account for additional bulls, horses, etc., and working expenses for 10 years, 

ample, say 160,000 

^ , $4,097,193 

Deduct ongmal capital 600,000 

Net profit 10 years $3,497,193 

TO INVESTOKS. 

The aim and object of the foregoing pamphlet need no explana- 
tion, demonstrating as it does the profitable character of cattle- 
raising as a business, and the adaptability of New Mexico to it. 

It is now proposed to form a company to engage in this business 
in San Miguel County, on what is knovvn as "^Baca Location No. 
2." This company will have a capital stocic of |G00,000, divided 
into 12,000 shares, at -150 per share. The capital represents the 
amount necessary for the purchase of the land (about 52,000 acres) 
and of the cattle required to stock the ranch, and the working ex- 
penses ; a considerable portion of 'the Capital Stock has already been 
subscribed. You are invited to take shares in the enterprise, Avith 
the assurance that the investment will yield a large return, and is 
absolutely safe. The demand for cattle is constantly increasing 
with the population of the country and the requirements of the 
exj)ort trade. 

It is not intended fully to organize the company until after 75 
per cent, of the Capital Stock shall have been taken. 

Each subscriber will be required to deposit ten per cent, of his 
subscription Avith The Union Trust Company, 73 Broadway, New 
York City, at the time of making it. 

Eor further particulars or any information that may be re- 
quired, address or apply to the undersigned. 

JuDSON Jarvis. 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



mil III 1 1 

002 819 392 '0 



■IbJl 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 819 392 



HoUinger Corp. 
pH8.5 



